Cryptocurrency Mining, Economic Growth and Unemployment Rate: An Analysis of Top 10 Crypto-Trader Countries

Authors

  • Muhammad Imran Ph.D Scholar, Department of Economics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan       
  • Mazhir Nadeem Ishaq Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan 
  • Abid Rashid Associate Professor, Department of Economics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan   

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10938643

Keywords:

Cryptocurrency Mining, Economic Growth, Unemployment Rate, Bitcoin Mining Hash Rate

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this research is to analyze the relationship among cryptocurrency mining, economic growth and unemployment rate with various other determinants by utilizing panel data from 2015 to 2023, while focusing on 10 crypto-trader countries: Canada, China, Germany, Iceland, Iran, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Russia, United States, and Singapore. Data is sourced from World Development Indicators (WDI) and cryptocurrency-specific websites.

Design/Methodology/Approach: By employing econometrical research techniques such as System GMM, the research analyzes two key models to understand the relationship among cryptocurrency mining, economic growth & unemployment rate.

Findings: Model-A explores the relationship among GDP per capita growth (proxy for economic growth) and cryptocurrency mining including various other determinants, and observed positive relationships while CO2 exhibits a negative coefficient. Model-B explores the relationship among unemployment rate and cryptocurrency mining including various other determinants, and observed negative relationships while government expenditure on education and secondary school education exhibits a positive relationship.

Implications/Originality/Value: The research study contributes to the prevailing literature by providing empirical evidence and insights into the macroeconomic implications of cryptocurrency mining activities, offering valuable contemplations for policymakers, economists, and stakeholders in navigating the evolving landscape of cryptocurrency and its impacts on economic growth and labor markets.

Author Biography

Muhammad Imran, Ph.D Scholar, Department of Economics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan       

 

 

References

References

Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The review of economic studies, 58(2), 277-297.

Arellano, M., & Bover, O. (1995). Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models. Journal of econometrics, 68(1), 29-51.

Astini, R., Ishrat, K., Ramli, Y., Tafiprios, T., Chong, K. W., & Ooi, C. K. (2023). Nexus among Crypto Trading, Environmental Degradation, Economic Growth and Energy Usage: Analysis of Top 10 Crypto-friendly Asian Economies. International Journal of Energy Eco. and Policy, 13(5), 339.

Barro, R. J. (1997). Macroeconomics. MIT Press.

Becker, G. S. (1964). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. University of Chicago Press.

Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of econometrics, 87(1), 115-143.

Calderón, C., & Serveén, L. (2008). "Infrastructure and economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of African Economies, 17(suppl_1), i3-i28.

Cambridge Center for Alternative Finance. (2018). Global cryptocurrency benchmarking study. University of Cambridge.

CoinMarketCap. (2021). Cryptocurrency market capitalizations. Retrieved from https://coinmarketcap.com/

CoinMarketCap. (2024). Cryptocurrency market capitalizations. Retrieved from https://coinmarketcap.com/all/views/all/

Grand View Research. (2020). Cryptocurrency mining hardware market size, share & trends analysis report by type, by component, by region, and segment forecasts, 2020-2027. Retrieved from https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/cryptocurrency-mining-hardware-market

Holtz-Eakin, D., Newey, W., & Rosen, H. S. (1988). Estimating vector autoregressions with panel data. Econometrica: Journal of the econometric society, 1371-1395.

Jones, C. I., & Klenow, P. J. (2016). Beyond GDP? Welfare across countries and time. American Economic Review, 106(9), 2426-2457.

Mohsin, M., Zhu, Q., Naseem, S., Sarfraz, M., & Ivascu, L. (2021). Mining industry impact on environmental sustainability, economic growth, social interaction, and public health: an application of semi-quantitative mathematical approach. Processes, 9(6), 972.

Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Author.

Náñez Alonso, S. L., Jorge-Vázquez, J., Echarte Fernández, M. Á., & Reier Forradellas, R. F. (2021). Cryptocurrency mining from an economic and environmental perspective. Analysis of the most and least sustainable countries. Energies, 14(14), 4254.

Narayanan, M., Poongothai, T., & Saravanan, B. (2022). Crypto-based secure outbound supply chain authentication for industry 4.0. In Cyber Security and Operations Management for Industry 4.0 (pp. 33-45). CRC Press.

Riera-Crichton, D., Vegh, C. A., & Vuletin, G. (2014). "Procyclical and countercyclical fiscal multipliers: Evidence from OECD countries." Journal of International Money and Finance, 42, 315-334.

Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), S71-S102.

Schramm, D., Schreiber, S., Siering, M., & Weitzel, T. (2019). The impact of Bitcoin mining on the environment and energy consumption. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 61(4), 417-429.

Smith, K. J., & Dhillon, G. (2020). Assessing blockchain potential for improving the cybersecurity of financial transactions. Managerial Finance, 46(6), 833-848.

Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94.

Stoll, B., Seidl, R., & Winkelhofer, G. (2019). Cryptocurrency mining and renewable energy: An overview of the economic, social, and environmental benefits in Sweden. Energy Research & Social Science, 47, 104-115.

Stylianou, K., & Carter, N. (2020). The size of the crypto economy: Calculating market shares of cryptoassets, exchanges, & mining pools. Journal of Competition Law & Economics, 16(4), 511-551.

Utomo, G. O. T. (2018). The Influences Of Cryptocurrency On Economic Growth: Case Study Of Bitcoin In 5 Asian Countries 2011-2016 Period.

Downloads

Published

2024-04-07

How to Cite

Imran, M., Ishaq, M. N. ., & Rashid, A. . (2024). Cryptocurrency Mining, Economic Growth and Unemployment Rate: An Analysis of Top 10 Crypto-Trader Countries . Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 44(2), 201-222. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10938643